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THE DOCTRINE 



OF 



MECHANICALISM 



BY 

SOCRATES SCHOLFIELD 



Providence, R. I. 

Published by the Author. 

1907. 



\ 







mBRARY of CONGRESS jj 
Two CoQies Baceivad ■ 
JU.N 22 190/ j 
, Cepyngtot Entry j 




Copyright, 1907 

BY 

SOCRATES SCHOLFIELD. 
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Descartes advanced the hypothesis that brute ani- 
mals having no souls, could have no true mental op- 
erations and no consciousness, and therefore, should be 
considered as insensible automata. Huxley contended 
that although in his opinion brute animals are auto- 
mata, they are not to be considered as insensible, but 
as conscious automata; and that in this category man 
himself must be included. The thesis herein advanced 
is based upon the assumption that animal organisms 
are conscious fabricative machines, which are con- 
structed and operated through the power of environ- 
ing forces. And it maintains that if the governing 
factors of animal organisms are based upon the prin- 
ciples of mechanics, as embodied in the governing ele- 
ments of analogous inanimate mechines, then a future 
state of conscious existence is reasonably assured, and 
important questions of metaphysics may be satisfacto- 
rily answered. The doctrine that animal organisms 
are dependently related fabricative machines, may be 
termed the doctrine of mechanicalism. 

S. S. 



TRIBUTE O? RFSPECT 

10 

ZOROASTER AND CONFUCIUS 

gAGKS VV ANTIQUITY 



THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. 

Assuming for a primary postulate that animal or- 
ganisms are conscious machines, the operations of 
which are in strict accordance with the specific nature 
of their embodied forces and the mechanical arrange- 
ment of their parts, it becomes a necessary sequence 
that the general laws of mechanical function which 
are applicable to the ah'alogdus* correlated elements of 
inanimate machines should also be applicable to the 
corresponding correlated elements of the animal or- 
ganism. And in following out this assumed analogy 
of function, we must necessarily be restricted to the 
mechanical terms applied to the related elements of 
the known inanimate mechanism, in order to prevent 
confusion and misunderstanding when thus making a 
comparison between the functional elements of inani- 
mate machines and the corresponding elements of the 
animal organism, to which a terminology not applica- 
ble to the parts of inanimate machines has been here- 
tofore applied. 

In the terminology of mechanics, the words sensible 
and sensitive are used to characterize those material 
resilient elements which, through their quality of au- 



6 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

tomatic reaction, are adapted to indicate the varying 
conditions of an impinging energy. And we may em- 
ploy the word sensive, to specifically denote the imma- 
terial sensible and sensitive elements which pertain to 
consciousness. Also, in referring to the parts of those 
inanimate machines which are adapted for the dis- 
criminate dispensation of energy under varying condi- 
tions, we may employ the word enginery, to denote 
that portion of the mechanism in which the energy to 
be dispensed is embodied, and the words governor, and 
governing mechanism, to specify that portion which 
serves to supervise and control the dispensation of the 
energy to meet the varying conditions. And these 
terms are in an equal degree applicable to the corre- 
sponding parts in animal organisms. But in order to 
provide a term which will denote a distinction be- 
tween animate and inanimate governing mechanisms, 
the animate governing mechanism may be called the 
governing member. 

Whenever, through empirical investigation, we trace 
the line of the transmission of neural energy for the 
development of regulated muscular movement in the 
animal organism, we fail to discover the required 
unitary dispensing governor, and find only an organic 
enginery, of which the brain constitutes the specific 
factor upon which the regulative governing medium 
must act. The multitudinous cells and fibers of the 
brain pertain only to the generation and transmission 
of the neural energy, and we are unable to discover in 
the brain the necessary unitary governing medium 
which serves to control and govern the dispensation 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. I 

of the energy of the cells collectively, for the discrim- 
inate development of muscular action. Such a uni- 
tary governing element cannot reside in the sensory 
cells alone, for these cells have to do only with the de- 
velopment of sensibility; it cannot reside in the motor 
cells alone, for they have to do only with the develop- 
ment of muscular movement; nor can it reside in the 
neuroglia cells alone, for the amoeboid fibers and pro- 
cesses of these cells, although adapted for co-ordina- 
tion, are not connected with the fibers or processes of 
either sensory or motor cells. But in accordance with 
the established principles of mechanics, a unitary gov- 
ernor for the regulated dispensation of neural energy 
in the animal organism must necessarily exist, — al- 
though it is found to be imperceptible. Hence we may 
conclude that there exists in the animal organism an 
imperceptible unitary governing member, whereby the 
neural energy of the brain is dispensed for the regu- 
lated development of muscular action. This govern- 
ing member, the function of which is to direct and gov- 
ern the molar or mass movement of the several parts 
of the organic enginery, must, from a condition of qui- 
escence or rest in all of its functionally operative 
parts, be able at any instant to direct energy in differ- 
ent and opposite directions, for the production of 
purposive muscular movement in the organic enginery, 
even in opposition to the dictates of sensation or 
emotion. 

The dimensions of the organic enginery become in- 
creased through an accumulative corpuscular growth, 
and the required concomitant growth of the elements 



O THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

of the governing member of the organism in harmony 
therewith, implies for these elements an analogous 
discrete origin. It is evident that governing func- 
tions cannot pertain to discrete unorganized elements, 
but only to organized elements formed of concrete ag- 
gregates. Hence we may posit that the co-acting ele- 
ments of the governing member of the animal organ- 
ism are discrete in their origin, and that the govern- 
ing member consists of co-acting concrete elements, 
which being objectively imperceptible, may be consid- 
ered as immaterial in their substance. 

It has been maintained that the phenomenon of ani- 
mal consciousness is the result of constantly recurring 
changes, or alternations of state, in a fundamental 
governing element of the organism; and since con- 
sciousness is completely annihilated in sleep, and is 
likewise excluded upon physical interference with the 
flow of blood in the brain, and since it does not persist 
continuously in the governing element, we may log- 
ically conclude that consciousness is the result of the 
action of an external energy upon the immaterial sub- 
stance of consciousness in the governing member. 

The governing pendulum of the clock receives at 
each oscilliation a slight impulse from the enginery, 
which serves to overcome the encountered frictional 
resistance, and thus to maintain the successive rising 
and falling movements of the pendulum weight as it 
swings back and forth in its curvilinear path, with the 
resulting production of alternating changes of gravi- 
tative stress during these rising and falling move- 
ments. And we may reasonably posit that analogous 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. V 

mechanically induced changes of stress in the basic 
governing element of an animal organism will form 
the basis of a true consciousness. 

That phase of consciousness which is mechanically 
developed in the governing member through objective 
sensation, may be termed sensive consciousness; that 
which is developed therein by subjective feelings, 
emotive consciousness; that through which objects of 
memory are apprehended, memorial consciousness; 
and that through which executive action is produced, 
executive consciousness. 

The governing action of a spring is derived from the 
opposing forces of cohesion and heat ; that of the oscil- 
lative pendulum, from the opposing forces of gravita- 
tion and suspension ; and that of the rotary pendulum, 
from the opposing forces of suspension, gravitation 
and revolution. And these inanimate governing me- 
diums are adapted for resilient action upon either side 
of their planes of static equilibrium, so that, when 
forcibly deflected to either side thereof, they return 
automatically to the median plane of their field of 
movement. Hence, by analogy, the sensive substance 
of consciousness in the governing member of the ani- 
mal organism, should properly have a mediate state of 
static insensibility, to which it will return automat- 
ically when freed from the impinging action of either 
direct or inverse energies. 

In accordance with this mechanical doctrine of con- 
sciousness, the production of conscious action within 
the governing member of an animal organism, from a 
received sense impression, may be schematically repre- 



10 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

sented by means of the resilient action of a flat spring 
placed in an upright position and held rigidly at one 
end, while the opposite end is adapted for free move- 
ment. This freely moving end is provided with a piv- 
oted pawl or other engaging means, which, upon the 
resilient return of the spring from a forcibly deflected 
condition, is so arranged as to be capable of engage- 
ment with a suitable power-dispensing medium, e. g., 
the teeth of a sliding rack having power-dispensing 
connections. But the pawl is normally held from 
such engagement by means of a sensible governing me- 
dium. Now, if we forcibly impart a rythmic succes- 
sion of backward impulses to the free end of the 
spring, alternated potential and kinetic states of 
molecular stress, and consequent resilient action, will 
be developed therein. And when, through the action 
of external energies upon the mechanically sensible 
governing medium of the schematic device, suitable en- 
gagement is made between the pivoted pawl and the 
power-dispensing element of the organization, then 
the inherent kinetic resiliency of the spring itself, act- 
ing as an executive agent, with the energy pertaining 
to the previously induced stress of its own molecular 
elements, will serve to impart the required executive 
movement. 

Hence, by mechanical analogy, the initial impulse 
for every act of executive consciousness will be derived 
from the reaction of the executive medium of the gov- 
erning member from a state of potential stress, which 
has been previously induced therein by the action of 
an external energy pertaining to the enginery of the 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. 11 

organism, the medium of executive consciousness be- 
ing always free to act from its mechanically induced 
state of potential stress, whenever an opportunity is 
provided by the occurrence of the required change in 
the sensive governing medium which determines the 
appropriate occasion for conscious executive action. 

Memorial consciousness may, in like manner, be 
schematically illustrated by means of a flat spring. 
Since, when the spring is deflected from its normal 
stale of insensible molecular equilibrium, a memorial 
symbol of its previous insensible condition will be de- 
veloped therein, in terms of molecular tension and 
sensibility, through the resilient energy of which, the 
spring is enabled to return to its former insensible 
state. And when the illustrative spring is provided 
with a significant configuration, the flexure of the 
spring will develop therein a memorial symbol of such 
configuration, in terms of molecular sensibility and 
energy. And this memorial symbol will persist so 
long as the spring is held in its flexed condition. 

Hence we may conclude from mechanical analogy 
that the fabricated elements of memory are normally 
in a condition of insensible equilibrium, in which their 
contents are not within the limits of consciousness; 
and that when subjected to the induced stress of nerve- 
commotion, a consciousness of their contents will be 
developed in terms of resilient energy. Memory may, 
therefore, be defined as a fabricated representation of 
a previous experience, developed to consciousness by 
the energy of resilience. 



12 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

In order to obtain any sensible action whatever 
in an inanimate machine, the resilient element of 
sensibility must be rigidly held and supported at a 
certain part of its organization by an unyielding 
medium, which medium operates as a fulcrum or 
support. And we find upon final analysis that every 
mechanical unyielding medium consists of a mass of 
molecular elements, which are maintained in static 
equilibrium through the balanced forces of cohesion 
and heat. Hence we may posit from mechanical 
analogy, that the immaterial resilient element of con- 
sciousness in the animal organism, may likewise, be 
provided with an unyielding medium of opposing im- 
material elements, which serves as the necessary fun- 
damental base for the development of resilient con- 
scious action. 

Now in every inanimate machine in which a sensible 
governing mechanism is so combined with a dynamic 
enginery that the machine will act automatically to 
suit the constantly varying conditions of an external 
medium, the governor has, in all cases, a removable re- 
lation to the enginery, and is capable of performing 
its inherent sensible functions when so removed, while 
the enginery will be rendered incapable of its previous 
sensible action. Hence, if it can be shown that a true 
mechanical analogy exists between the sensive ele- 
ments of animal organisms and the corresponding 
sensible elements of inanimate mechanisms, then we 
may reasonably conclude that the governing member 
of the animal organism must, like the governing ele- 
ment of an inanimate machine, be capable of perform- 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. 



13 



ing its inherent sensible functions when removed from 
the organic enginery with which it is connected. 

For a well known example of the separable relation 
that exists between the dynamic enginery of an inan- 
imate machine and its governing mechanism, reference 
may be made to the mechanism of a clock, in which, 
upon the removal of the sensible governing pendulum 
and the executive pallets connected therewith, from 
their operative engagement with the dynamic en- 
ginery, the suspended pendulum and its connected pal- 
lets will soon pass automatically to a state of static 
equilibrium, and will then be capable of oscillation in 
the same uniform intervals of time as before, whenever 
the resulting condition of static equilibrium is dis- 
turbed by the action of suitable external forces in the 
environment. But the stored power of the dynamic 
enginery will, in this case, soon be expended by the 
rapid downward movement of the actuating weight 
without useful effect, the hands of the clock having by 
the removal of the governing mechanism, been ren- 
dered incapable of indicating standard intervals of 
time. And no amount of rewinding will restore to the 
enginery its former time-keeping movement. Thus, 
the sensible pendulum of the clock and the connected 
executive pallets — which taken together constitute a 
governing mechanism — represent to us a mechanical 
organization which under certain conditions has an 
inherent capability for the independent performance 
of its specific function. And similar conditions of in- 
herent, inlependent functional action pertain to all 
discriminative governing mechanisms, in inanimate 



14 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

machines. Hence by mechanical analogy, the corre 
sponding elements of the governing member should 
also be inherently independent in the performance of 
their special functions, and, therefore, be separate and 
distinct in their natures from the dependent elements 
of the organic enginery. 

But a more complete example of inanimate governing 
action was provided in a certain regulating governor 
employed for the purpose of regulating the speed of 
machinery driven by water power, where on account 
of the specific structure of the motive wheel a consid- 
erable interval of time was required for obtaining the 
full action of the water upon the wheel after its initial 
entrance into the revolving buckets. And in this reg- 
ulating governor a differential compensating-adjust- 
ment was arranged to so operate between the speed-in- 
dicating and the executive or dispensing elements of 
the governing mechanism, that the action of the regu- 
lator would not be limited to the normal action of the 
speed-indicating governor during the latter half of the 
return movement from its extreme of variation, 
whereby, when the return of the speed toward its nor- 
mal rate did not exceed a certain degree of rapidity, 
the action of the regulator upon the gate was, with 
mechanical discrimination, caused either to continue 
during the latter half of the return movement, or cease 
entirely, until the normal rate of speed had been 
reached by the continued action of the water upon the 
wheel. But when the speed was, for any reason what- 
ever, returning with too great rapidity from its ex- 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. 15 

treme of variation, so that either the continuance, or 
cessation, of the action of the regulator upon the gate 
would allow the speed of the motive wheel and the 
connected machinery of the factory to swing to an op- 
posite extreme, then the discriminative action of the 
compensating-adjustment served to cause the reversal 
of the action of the regulator upon the gate, so as to 
meet the rapidly returning rate of speed with the gate 
at the required b eight for continuing the rotation of 
the wheel at its proper uniform rate. Thus the regu- 
lator, through the action of the compensating-adjust- 
ment during the latter portion of the return movement 
of the governor, was caused to act discriminately with 
reference to a future contingency not at all related to 
the present rate of speed of the machinery, as indi- 
cated by the governor, but to an ultimate injurious ac- 
tion that would result from either a surplus or de- 
ficiency of water, as the case might be; and this com- 
pensation was effected by means of a discriminating 
change of adjustment between the speed-indicating 
and the executive elements of the governing mechan- 
ism. And by means of this change of adjustment, the 
regulator was enabled to act more rapidly on the gate 
during the first moments of any variation in speed, 
thus limiting in a great degree the extremes of varia- 
tion, as well as correcting more rapidly any disturbed 
action. 

The differential compensating adjustment employed 
in this regulator included in its scope a co-ordinative 
medium, by means of which the inherent sensibility of 



16 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

the governor to occurring variations in speed, and the 
relative rapidity of its return movement, were co-ordi- 
nated with a memorial record of the spatial extent of 
the occurring variation from the zero plane of the gov- 
ernor; and the result of this threefold co-ordination 
was transmitted to the executive medium, to which, by 
its connection therewith, the inherent resiliency of the 
governor was imparted. The so connected sensible, 
memorial, co-ordinative and executive elements, con- 
stituted an integral, resilient governing mechanism; 
which, when removed from the dynamic gate-actuating 
enginery of the regulator to another field of rotative 
energy, would be capable of the same sensible action 
as before; but the gate-actuating enginery, although 
remaining intact, would be rendered insensible to 
variations in speed, and incapable of further regu- 
lative movement. 

We therefore, find in this inanimate regulator, a 
schematic analogue of the sensation, memory, co- 
ordination and executive action that pertains to the 
governing member of the animal organism. But 
sensation and memory are not the sole controlling 
elements in the action of the governing member; for 
in connection with these elements we have the feelings 
of emotion. Hence it devolves upon us to bring for- 
ward an inanimate mechanism, which in its operation 
is schematically illustrative of an emotive function; 
whereby, through mechanical analogy based upon our 
schematic exhibit, we may arrive at certain con- 
clusions in regard to the mechanism of emotion in 
animal organisms. 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. 17 

An analogue of the inhibitory action developed in 
the animal organism when subject to the emotion of 
fear is found in the stop-motions of various inanimate 
machines, since the fear of the occurrence of damage 
in the operation of the machine constitutes the speci- 
fic reason for the employment therein of stop-motion 
devices. Hence we are enabled to point out in an in- 
animate regulating mechanism, the counterpart of ac- 
tions which when performed by an animal organism 
would be the result of emotion. But a stop-motion 
does not perform an active part in a continuously op- 
erative mechanism. So in order to fully illustrate the 
nature of such a mechanism — of which we have an ex- 
ample in the compensating-adjustment of our model 
regulator — we will suppose that the proprietor of the 
factory should himself, by his own manual effort upon 
the gate, cause the water to flow to the buckets of the 
motive wheel in the same dangerous excess as is em- 
ployed in the normal action of the regulator, in order 
to rapidly check an impending injurious variation in 
speed. Then in this case a feeling of faith in his abil- 
ity to meet all the resulting requirements of danger 
must be exercised ; while the necessary removal of such 
dangerous excess prior to the return of the speed to 
its normal rate, implies a fear of the resulting conse- 
quences of neglect. It is thus seen that the inanimate 
compensating-adjustment employed in our model regula- 
tor which constitutes a continuously operative mechan- 
ism, performs the same regulative acts, that when per- 
formed by the proprietor of the factory would involve 



18 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

the exercise of emotion. Hence we find in the inani- 
mate compensating-adjustment of our regulator, an 
analogue of the governing action that is based upon 
emotion in the animal organism, wherby the com- 
pensating-adjustment may be properly termed an emo- 
tive mechanism. 

Moreover, when we critically investigate the govern- 
ing mechanism of our model regulator, we find that 
its governing action in rectifying a disturbance in the 
rate of speed is accomplished during the sensible 
movement of the balls of the governor first away from, 
and then back toward their normal plane of rotation ; 
while at the same time the operation of the compensa- 
ting-adjustment is such as to cause the taking up and 
retention of a portion of the outwardly transmitted 
movement, whereby an available store of potential en- 
ergy is accumulated within the resilient field of the 
governor. And this potentiality, which constitutes 
the basis of the emotive or inhibitory action of the 
governing mechanism, is dispensed in full accordance 
with the specific regulative requirements during the 
latter half of the return movement. Hence we may 
conclude from mechanical analogy, that in the animal 
organism, a portion of the energies supplied to the 
governing member through the organic enginery, may 
be taken up and changed from a kinetic to a potential 
state, and thus constitute the required independent 
source of energy existing within the sensive field of 
the governing member, for the production of inhibi- 
tory or emotive governing action. 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. 



19 



Furthermore, we find that in our model regulator 
the change from a kinetic to a potential state of energy 
within the field of the governor, for the production of 
emotive regulating action, is effected through the kin- 
etic action of a positively driven clutch member which 
is independent of the governor. Hence we will be re- 
quired in the course of this argument, to point out in 
the animal organism an independent energetic me- 
dium, which is capable of changing the kinetic energy 
that pertains to the sensibility of the governor, into 
the potential energy required for the development of 
emotive regulating action; and this independent me- 
dium must be adapted for kinetic engagement with the 
governing member, as in the inanimate machine. 

Inanimate machines are, in all cases, provided with 
a connecting frame, which constitutes a rigid fulcrum 
or reactive base, for the dynamic action of the elements 
of the mechanism, and serves to hold these elements in 
their proper working relations. And by mechanical 
analogy, the several distinct factors of the governing 
member must, likewise, be provided with a connect- 
ing medium, w r hich serves to maintain them in proper 
operative connection in the presence of adverse en- 
ergies. 

The governing elements of inanimate machines are 
dependent for their sensible indicative action upon ex- 
ternal fields of potential energy, to which the govern- 
ing elements are specially related. Thus, the mag- 
netic needle, which is the specific sensible governing 
element for translatorv movement in a horizontal 



20 



THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 



plane, derives its directive quality from the environ- 
ing magnetic field of the earth, and upon its removal 
from the enginery still continues operative in its re- 
lated field as before. So likewise the static pendulum 
or plummet, which is the specific sensible governing 
element for translatory movement in a vertical plane, 
derives its directive quality from the environing field 
of gravitation, and still remains operative in its field 
upon removal from the enginery. In like manner the 
compensating pendulum derives it§ uniform govern- 
ing quality from the conjoint action thereon of the 
environing gravitative and thermal . fields ; and upon 
its removal from the time-indicating enginery to which 
it pertains, is capable of performing in these fields the 
same uniform oscillation as before. Hence by me- 
chanical analogy, the sensive and emotive factors of 
the governing member of the animal organism, should 
have for their fundamental bases potent external 
fields, which are adapted to the continued maintenance 
of their sensive and emotive action when the govern- 
ing member is removed from the organic enginery. 

But while the governing member of the organism 
may be truly removable from the organic enginery, 
without incurring the loss, or impairment, of its in- 
herent capability of the performance of discriminate 
governing action when mechanically stimulated to con- 
sciousness; yet, without the concomitant removal of a 
complementary element which is possessed of inherent 
energy, the removed governing member would be in- 
capable of such action, owing to the lack of an ener- 



ANALOGIES OF GOVERNING ACTION. 



21 



getic factor adapted to develop the resilient energy of 
consciousness in the normally insensible governing 
member, and also on account of the lack of a suitable 
medium for the developed energy of consciousness to 
act upon. Hence it devolves upon us to point out, in 
the succeeding chapter, that specific removable ele- 
ment of the organization, by the co-action of which 
with the removed governing member, the inherent 
capability of conscious action may be developed and 
exercised. 



22 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 



II. 

ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 

If animal organisms are in fact mechanically gov- 
erned machines, it is evident that the building up of 
the organism from its elements should be governed by 
the general laws of mechanical constructive fabrica- 
tion. Hence, in order to acquire a true conception of 
the nature and purpose of the organic structure, we 
may properly rely upon analogies derived from our 
knowledge of the special agents employed in the fabri- 
cation of analogous inanimate mechanisms. 

The fabrication of an extensive and complicated me- 
chanical structure requires the accumulation of the 
proper building materials at the place of manufacture, 
together with the employment of a sufficient number 
of workmen under the directive control of a supervisor, 
who is the custodian of, and comprehends the working 
plans of the proposed organization ; and in the absence 
of supervising control with reference to a special plan 
of mechanical construction, the workmen, then com- 
pelled to act disconnectedly and without knowledge of 
a specific dimensional specification, would of them- 
selves be entirely incapable of organizing the required 
extensive and complicated structure from the provided 
building; materials. 



ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 23 

In building up the vertebrate animal organism from 
the fertilized embroyonic cell, the material elements 
employed are the continuously divided protoplasmic 
cells, which, with their microsomes or ultimate cell- 
elements, collectively constitute the organic enginery, 
and individually perform different functions in accord- 
ance with their relative positions in the organic struc- 
ture. And we may conclude from the analogies of in- 
animate mechanical structures, that the functional 
differentiation of the cells in accordance with their rel- 
ative positions must be determined by a sensive super- 
vising member, which, in its nature, must be as sep- 
arate and distinct from the individual cells, and from 
the fabricated organic enginery, as the supervisor of 
the building of a mechanical structure is separate and 
distinct from the structure itself, and from the work- 
men by whom the structure was made. 

The human supervisor of the fabrication of a mechan- 
ical structure obtains the governing control of the 
separate independent workmen by the dispensation to 
each of them of certain stipulated wages, derived from 
a potential monetary field pertaining to the owner or 
proprietor of the structure to be fabricated, which field 
constitutes a conventional embodiment of accumulated 
energy; and without this supervising dispensation of 
accumulated energy from the monetary field of the pro- 
prietor, or its equivalent, the workmen, through lack 
of material support, would be unable to proceed with 
the building. Hence, we may conclude from analogy 
that the governing control of the individual protoplas- 
mic cells, for the production of an organic structure. 



24 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

is attained through the mechanical dispensation, to 
each of the cells, of a form of potential energy which 
is derived from an external field, and differentiated to 
the cells in accordance with a representative plan or 
model of the proposed organization. And the dispen- 
sating or promoting element of the animal organism, 
through the mechanical action of which the required 
dispensation and differentiation of fabricative energy 
is effected, may be termed the executive promoting 
member, which may be considered as identical with the 
subconscious self of hypnotism. 

The mechanical dispensation of differentiated energy 
to a collection of separate and distinct inanimate en- 
tities, for the production therefrom of an integral dif- 
ferentiated fabric, is illustrated in the process of pho- 
tography, wherein the uniform radiant energy of the 
environment, primarily differentiated by impingement 
upon the reactive form of the object to be photo- 
graphed, and. again differentiated by means of the lens 
of the camera, causes a correspondingly differentiated 
action upon the surface of the chemically prepared 
plate, with the resulting production of a pictured rep- 
resentation of the form of the object. In this case, the 
surface molecules of the chemically prepared plate rep- 
resent the workmen; the reactive object represents a 
medium to which the uniform field of radiant energy 
is referred for primary differentiation; and the lens 
constitutes a medh:m which selects the required differ- 
entiated rays and transmits them in their selected 
form to the molecular workmen, with the resulting 
production of a symbolic representation of the ex- 
ternal form of the object on the surface of the plate. 



ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 25 

And when we pass from inanimate material mole- 
cules to cultures of independent living bacteria, we 
find that they, through their thermotactic or photo- 
tactic properties, may have their characteristic qual- 
ities changed, and their individual movements con- 
trolled, in accordance with a specific plan, by means 
of differentiated radiant energy. 

Hence, if the differentiation of radiant energy will 
cause uniformly distributed inanimate molecules of 
matter to become differentially transformed into pic- 
torial symbols and also cause the differentiated ar- 
rangement and rearrangement of the separate individ- 
uals in cultures of living bacteria, we may reasonably 
conclude that the transmission by the executive pro- 
moting member, of a specific form of constructive en- 
ergy, differentiated from the uniform energy of the en- 
vironing field, in accordance with a true model of he- 
reditary organization, would enable the sensive indi- 
vidual cells — the organic workmen — to build up a com- 
plete multicellular organism, in strict accordance with 
the special characteristics of the transmitted energy. 

We therefore posit that there exists in the animal 
organism an executive promoting member, having as a 
function the transmission of differentiated energy to 
the individual cells by means of a constructive model 
of hereditary organization, which model pertains di- 
rectly to the province of the promoting member. And 
we may term this necessary constructive model, the 
representative medium. 

It has been assumed that the stress of resiliency con- 
stitutes a mechanical representation of consciousness, 



26 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

and that the consciousness of the governing member is 
conditioned upon the action of external energies. It 
is essential, however, for the proper development of the 
physical functions of the organic enginery, that the 
consciousness of the promoting member should be un- 
conditioned and unceasing, and this form of con- 
sciousness may be schematically represented by means 
of two spiral springs of equal diameter, which are 
formed of the same size and quality of wire, and have 
the same number of coils, with the space between the 
coils of one of the springs made greater than that of 
the other, whereby the length of the spring will be 
increased. These two springs are to be screwed to- 
gether longitudinally, so that the coils of the one will 
intertwine, side by side, with the coils of the other, 
with the axes of the two springs coincident; then, 
through the resulting extension of the coils of the 
shorter spring and the drawing in of the coils of the 
longer one to an equal length, a permanent state of 
stress will be produced in each of the intertwined 
springs. The inherently shorter spring constitutes a 
reactive factor, serving to intensify the resiliency of 
the inherently longer spring, while the molecular 
stress caused by the mutual antagonism of the springs 
serves to maintain therein a constant and unceasing 
state of molecular sensibility. And we may assume 
from mechanical analogy that there exists an unceas- 
ing state of consciousness in the promoting member, 
due to the stress resulting from the combination of a 
controlling sensive substance of consciousness, with a 
reactive sensive substance, the one substance con- 



ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 27 

Btituting the positive and the other the negative ele- 
ment of the same resilient medium of consciousness. 

When we consider the specific action of each of the 
unequal schematic springs, which, when intertwined 
have been mutually forced to an equal length, we 
find that the positive controlling element of the 
organization resides in the longer spring which is 
under the stress of compression, while the shorter 
spring is under the stress of extension. Hence we 
may posit from mechanical analogy that in an ever- 
conscious organization, the unceasing consciousness of 
the controlling element, pertains to a resilient field 
which lies inside of its state of inherent stable 
equilibrium, while the field of the unceasing conscious- 
ness of the concomitant reactive element, lies outside 
of its state of inherent equilibrium, whereby, it can 
have no power whatever of outward action. 

The executive promoting member is able to supervise 
not only the initial building of the organism, but also 
the reconstruction of injured or removed portions 
thereof, which are often very complicated in their na- 
tures. And in some cases, where an injury has been 
inflicted upon an important portion of the brain tis- 
sues, the remaining uninjured portion will, under the 
supervising action of the promoting member, be trans- 
formed into a mechanism which is capable of perform- 
ing the missing function of the injured or lost tissues. 
Hence it appears that the promoting member has an 
active function to perform in the fully completed or- 
ganism as well as during its initial development, and 
may, therefore, be considered as the requisite dispenser 
of energy for carrying on the true fabricative functions 



28 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

of the completed organic mechanism. And since both 
the nervous and vascular systems of the organic en- 
ginery are to be built up by means of energy supplied 
through the executive promoting member, and simul- 
taneously differentiated to each of these systems, 
through the representative medium of hereditary or- 
ganic structure, we must necessarily conclude that the 
promoting member is functionally related to both the 
vascular and nervous systems through which the com- 
plete fabrication of the organic structure and its re- 
pairs are effected; while the governing member per- 
tains particularly to the nervous system, by means of 
which the operative action of the organism in its envi- 
ronment is to be controlled and regulated. 

In the previous examination of our model regulator 
we found that the change from a kinetic to a potential 
state of energy within the field of the inanimate gov- 
ernor, for the production of emotive regulating action, 
was effected through the action of an energetic medium 
which was independent of the governor. We may now 
conclude that the executive promoting member which 
dispenses potential fabricative energy from a related 
external field, for the complete building up and main- 
tenance of the animal organism, and which in its ac- 
tion is independent of the governor, may constitute the 
requisite energetic medium for the development of feel- 
ings of emotion in the governing member. 

Upon the removal or inhibition of a mechanical 
governing element in an inanimate machine, either the 
intelligent builder of the mechanism or the operator 
thereof, may assume control and in accordance with 



ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 



29 



his native skill supply the function of such mechani- 
cal governing element, and guide the power-dispensing 
portion of the machine at his own volition. So, in the 
phenomenon of self-hypnotism or spiritism, the volun- 
tary surrender of normal governing consciousness by 
the medium, whereby the normal action of the govern- 
ing member is inhibited, allows the everconscious pro- 
moting member — the intelligent builder and main- 
tainor of the organism — to assume control and operate 
the organic enginery at its own volition. 

The magnetic needle when employed as a governing 
medium may be deflected from its normal governing 
direction and have its poles reversed by the close 
proximity thereto of another magnetic needle, which 
latter when acted upon by energy is capable of usurp- 
ing the governing function of the former. So, in the 
phenomenon of animal hypnotism, a forced change of 
relation between the governing elements which pertain 
to individual consciousness and their reciprocal fields, 
effected through the action of the hypnotizer, may re- 
sult in the inhibition of individual consciousness, and 
the usurpation of the control of the enginery of the 
subject by the governing member of the hypnotizing 
agent. And we may reasonably posit that in this case, 
as in spiritism, the organic enginery of the unconscious 
subject is operated through the medium of its ever- 
conscious promoting member, which member is now 
controlled in its action by the governing member of the 
hypnotizer. 

The acquirement of a true comprehension of the ex- 
isting condition and real fabricative function of the 
animal organism has been rendered difficult, by reason 



30 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

of a radical illusion, which consists in the universally 
prevailing conception of the nature of sensible light, 
as something that really exists in environing space 
precisely as recognized by visual consciousness; but 
which is, on the contrary, a fabricated product exist- 
ing solely within the limits of the governing and pro- 
moting members of the organism. 

The normal sensation of light is produced by the oc- 
currence of physical wave motion in the environing 
ether, the amplitude of the ethereal waves which serve 
to impart the sensation of light to the sensive visual 
element of the governing member, as distinguished 
from the amplitude of the similar waves which result 
in a sensation of darkness, in nowise changing the 
physical constitution of the ethereal medium in which 
the waves are propagated. Hence, between the ani- 
mal eye and the objects in the environment, there ex- 
ists mere physical motion in the ethereal medium. 

The sensation of sound is likewise produced in ani- 
mal organisms by the effect of mere undulatory motion 
in the environing air, which motion serves to fabricate 
the sensation of sound in the auditory element of con- 
sciousness. Therefore, it must be considered that ani- 
mal organisms are fabric-producing machines em- 
ployed in transforming the physical wave-motion of 
the environment into varied nerve-commotion and sen- 
sation, with the consequent fabrication of sense-repre- 
senting factors, and fabrics of memory. And it is- 
only through individual comprehension of the fact that 
what we recognize as light, color, and sound have na 
objective reality as such, but exist only as a fabricated 
state of animal consciousness, that we can be at all 



ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 31 

prepared to realize the true fabricative importance of 
the animal mechanism, and the nature of the im- 
mediate future condition of the promoting and gov- 
erning members of the animal organism, when they 
are separated from their joint organic enginery and 
material environment. 

The value of a machine resides solely in its contin- 
ued capacity for the production of a desirable product ; 
and we find that the manufactured products of the 
fabricative animal organism consist of a stable fabric 
of memory that pertains to the conscious governing 
member, and a stable fabric of memory that pertains 
to the everconscious promoting member, together with 
certain stable sense-representing factors, which are 
stored up within the sphere of the promoting member 
for the subsequent fabrication therefrom of potential 
sense-symbols, adapted for inverse presentation to the 
consciousness of the governing member, as observed in 
the phenomenon of dreams. 

For every fabricative machine there should exist not 
only a constructing agent and an operating agent, but 
also an agent for receiving the manufactured product. 
The constructing agent of the animal organism has 
been termed the executive promoting member; the op- 
erating agent, the governing member; and that me- 
dium through the action of which the sense-represent- 
ing factors are stored up and the sense-symbols fabri- 
cated therefrom reversely presented to the governing 
member, may be termed the presentative medium of 
the promoting member. 

The impressible wax cylinder of a phonograph de- 
rives its progressive movement from the rotary spindle 



32 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

of the operating mechanism, and upon its continued 
rotation receives upon its impressible surface indented 
symbols of sound, fabricated thereon through the 
transmission of differentiated aerial undulations from 
an outer source of vocal energy to the resilient dia- 
phragm and its connected stylus, which, taken to- 
gether, have the resilient characteristics of a govern- 
ing mechanism. The indented wax cylinder, when re- 
moved to a new environment, and rotated as before, is 
capable of so differentiating the energy transmitted 
through the fabricated symbols as to reproduce in the 
governing diaphragm the same resilient vibrations and 
changes of molecular stress that were produced therein 
when the symbols of the sound vibrations were orig- 
inally fabricated, these vibrations serving to repro- 
duce, in the environing atmospheric field inversely di- 
rected images of the original vocal undulations. 

The fabricated symbols upon the wax cylinder, and 
the inversely directed images of the original sound 
vibrations returned to the atmospheric field, are en- 
tirely distinct from each other in their natures; but 
their fabrication is accompanied with the same resili- 
ent vibrations and changes of molecular stress in the 
governing diaphragm. And it may be reasonably con- 
cluded, that the analogous production of inversely in- 
duced changes of stress in the ultimate governing ele- 
ment of an animal organism will result in the develop- 
ment therein of inverse consciousness. 

The rotary spindle of the phonograph, upon which 
the impressible wax cylinder is placed, may analog- 
ically represent the promoting member of the organ- 
ism, which derives its potential action from a related 



ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 



33 



field of energy; and the wax cylinder may represent 
the presentative medium of the promotive member, 
by means of which, the fabricated sense-symbols are 
inversely presented to the consciousness of the gov- 
erning member. And the tracing stylus, which serves 
to transmit energy to and from the governing dia- 
phrain, may analogically represent a subjective en- 
ginery which pertains to the governing member, and by 
means of which the governing member is enabled to 
act within the sphere of the presentative medium of 
the promoting member, as is observed in dreams. 

Upon physiological investigation we find that sen- 
sory nerve-commotion does not pass by a continuous 
neural connection from one nerve cell to another, or 
from a nerve cell to other cells of the brain ; but in all 
cases passes through an intervening medium. And 
we further find that, in every inanimate fabricative 
machine, the special mechanical elements which occur 
at the immediate place of fabric manufacture are, in 
like manner, not continuous with each other; but 
there exists a space between them which is occupied 
by the material from which the fabric is to be formed. 
Mechanical analogy, therefore, demands that the ma- 
terial from which the sense-representing factors are to 
be formed, in animal organisms, must be found be- 
tween the discontinuous nerve fibers and the opposite 
cell processes ; whereby, upon the passage of the nerve- 
commotion from the one to the other through an in- 
tervening medium, the required fabrication will be 
effected. 

The neuroglia cells which are very thickly distrib- 
uted throughout the brain tissues are amoeboid, and 



34 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

provided with numerous fine processes, which extend 
in various directions between the sensory nerve-cells; 
and since these neuroglia cells are enabled to expand 
or retract their fine hair-like processes, they are me- 
chanically adapted to cause a change in the space be- 
tween the disconnected fibers and processes of the 
nerve-cells, and also between these fibers and pro- 
cesses and the blood-vessels or capillaries. And fur- 
thermore, the constantly varying dilation of the blood- 
vessels will also serve to vary the distance between 
the cell-fibers and the processes. It is thus seen that 
the objective elements of the brain enginery are 
adapted for mechanical action, as may be required in 
the fabrication of the sense-representing factors from 
which sense-symbols are to be formed. 

We also find that, in every inanimate fabricative 
machine, the manufactured fabric is distinct and re- 
movable from the mechanism by means of which it 
was formed. Hence from mechanical analogy, the fab- 
ricated sense-representing factors and the fabrics of 
memory must be distinct and removable from the or- 
ganic enginery through the action of which they were 
produced. 

The materials from which the sense-representing 
elements are derived must be obtained from the 
blood, which pertains to the province of the promot- 
ing member. The blood of vertebrates contains an 
immense number of independent red corpuscules of 
microscopic dimensions, which in animals of cold- 
blood are provided with a controlling nucleus; and 
although they are non-nucleated in mammalian blood, 
they were originally developed from amoeba-like cells 



ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 35 

provided with a nucleus, which was subsequently re- 
moved during; a metamorphosis in which the proto- 
plasm of the cell was greatly changed in its character. 
As many as five millions of these independent red cor- 
puscles deprived of a nucleus, are found to exist in 
every cubic-millimetre of mammalian blood,— which 
constitutes a mass of less size than an ordinary pin 
head. Hence, we may conclude that the sensive ele- 
ments of the innumerable cell nuclei, which are set 
free from the original nucleated cells during their 
metamorphosis into non-nucleated red corpuscles, may 
provide the required discrete sensible units from 
which specific sense-representing factors and fabrics 
of memory may be formed. 

In the same cubic-millimetre, together with the red 
corpuscles will be found upwards of ten thousand 
while corpuscles, or leucocytes, which, being amoeboid, 
air able to migrate at will into and out of the blood- 
vessels, many of them from their power of ingesting 
foreign substances being termed phagocytes or eating 
cells whose sensibility for objects at a distance has 
been termed chemiotaxis, and their very highly devel- 
oped tactile sensibility, physiotaxis. These sensible 
independent leucocytes constitute active therapeutic 
agents of the promoting member, in the healthy main- 
tenance of the organic enginery, and must necessarily 
be provided with sensive governing elements, whereby 
their sensible movements are regulated, and therefore, 
upon their dissolution, must be capable of providing 
the required sensive elements for the complete devel- 
opment and growth of the conscious governing mem- 
ber of the organism. And in addition to the blood 



36 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

corpuscles, the endothelial and tissue cells may also in 
their disintegration, provide the required sensive fab- 
ricative elements. Hence we may conclude that or- 
ganized fabrications, composed of these elements, may 
be effected in the animal organism upon the occur- 
rence of varied nerve-commotion at the intersection of 
the fibers and processes of the nerve-cells with each 
other, and with the conductive vascular capillaries by 
means of which capillaries the required materials for 
such manufacture are continuously brought forward, 
and made to pass between the co-acting elements of 
the nerve-enginery, as in an ordinary fabricative ma- 
chine. And since the sensive fabrications of the or- 
ganism are thus derived from discrete elements, these 
fabrications must themselves consist of concrete ag- 
gregates. 

That the co-acting elements of the promoting and 
governing members of the animal organism are con- 
crete in their substance is fully evidenced by the fact 
that, at the primary subdivision of the embryonic cell 
in the development of the vertebrate, amphioxus, the 
promoting and governing elements of the developing 
organism may be subdivided by the forcible separation 
of the daughter cells from contact with one another, 
with the resulting production of several complete mul- 
ticellular organisms, instead of the single multicellu- 
lar organism which results from a normal uninter- 
rupted development, but of a size diminished in pro- 
portion to the extent of the subdivision. Hence it is 
seen that the immaterial sensive elements of the pro- 
moting and governing members of the animal organ- 



ANALOGIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE FABRICATION. 



37 



ism, are, under certain conditions, capable of being 
divided into separate individual parts without the loss 
of promoting and governing function. 

The promoting and governing elements of the ani- 
mal organism are capable of growth; but growth im- 
plies the collection and assimilation of the required 
discrete sensive elements from an external source. 
Hence it is evident that discrete sensive elements must 
exist in nature, from which concrete sensive mechan- 
isms may be formed, which are adapted for the pro- 
motive development and controlling government of the 
engineries of individual animal organisms. 

When the sensible governing elements of an inani- 
mate regulative mechanism are removed from the con- 
nected dynamic elements, the regulative function of 
these dynamic elements will be destroyed; and when 
the removed sensible elements are again returned to 
the dynamic elements, their regulative functions will 
be restored. Hence we may reasonably conclude that 
primordial organic life was the result of the combina- 
tion of an unstable material mechanism, with a stable, 
immaterial promoting and governing mechanism. 

The structure and composition of animal cells is 
substantially the same as that of vegetable cells. Her- 
bivorous animals feed upon vegetables, and the car- 
nivorous feed upon the herbivorous, so that. all ani- 
mal organisms depend absolutely upon vegetable or- 
ganisms for their being; and since all animal life de- 
pends upon the constant multiplication of vegetable 
cells, these cells must be in immediate fabricative con- 
nection with the primal source of the discrete sensive 



38 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

elements from which the promoting and governing 
factors of both vegetable and animal cells are derived. 
Vegetable organisms exist in the air, under the sur- 
face of water in rivers and ponds, and in the depths 
of the sea; hence the supply of discrete sensive ele- 
ments required for the full development of the newly 
formed vegetable cells, which are being constantly 
built up from inorganic materials, must exist in a con- 
tinuous field of these sensive elements, which sur- 
rounds the earth, and extends from the highest limit 
of living organisms in the air, to the lowest limit 
thereof in the sea, with a maximum thickness of about 
ten miles. The field of sensive elements, so defined, 
embraces the terrestrial organic factory, within which 
all organic mechanisms are constructed and operated. 
We may, therefore, reasonably posit that the sub- 
stances of consciousness for both the governing and 
promoting members of the animal organism are orig- 
inally derived, through the medium of vegetable or- 
ganisms, from the discrete sensive elements of con- 
sciousness, which exist in a continuous field through- 
out the terrestrial factory. 



ANALOGIES OF FACTORIAL OPERATION. 39 



III. 

ANALOGIES OF FACTORIAL OPERATION. 

Animal organisms, like the machines in a factory, 
are dependently related and reciprocally connected 
during the fabrication of their memorial and sense- 
representing factors. Hence the laws that govern the 
factorial operation of inanimate machines should also 
be applicable to the analogous factorial operation of 
fabricative animal organisms. 

Every manufactory for the production of inanimate 
fabrics is provided with an owner or proprietor, in ac- 
cordance with whose will and purpose the fabricative 
operations are organized and from whom the promo- 
tive energy for fabrication is derived. Factorial me- 
chanical analogy therefore requires that the terrestrial 
organic factory, also should exist under the control 
of a proprietor, in accordance with whose will the an- 
imate organisms of the factory are constructed, and 
their fabricative operations governed and regulated. 
And this governing and regulating proprietor of the 
terrestrial factory may be termed the Proprietor and 
Regulator of Energy, and the Supreme Governor of 
the animate organisms of the factory. 

We find existing in every inanimate governing and 
regulating medium an element having inherent sensi- 



40 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

bility, an element adapted to prevent the uncontrolled 
expenditure of the energy the specific action of which 
is to be regulated, and an element adapted for the 
dispensation of the controlled energy in accordance 
with governmental requirements. Hence we may 
posit that there must exist in the Supreme Governor 
inherent sensibility and the power of controlling and 
dispensing energy, in accordance with the specific re- 
quirements of the factory. 

Now, in proceeding to determine the inherent moral 
nature of the Supreme Governor from the available 
data of factorial mechanical analogy, we find that, in 
every extensive manufactory for the production of in- 
animate fabrics, oppositely directed actions are re- 
quired in the speed-regulating mechanism of the fac- 
tory, to compensate for the occurring variations of 
mechanical resistance developed in the fabricative op- 
erations, and to maintain the desired uniform rate of 
speed in the fabricative machinery. And oppositely 
directed actions are required in all inanimate govern- 
ing and regulating mechanisms. 

The governing captain of a steamship transmits 
peremptory orders to the executive helmsman, which, 
when carried out, may cause the ship either to be kept 
steadily on its course or turned from it, in either of 
opposite directions as the case may require; and the 
helmsman dispenses the required energy for causing 
the ship to be so guided. The engineer of the ship, 
also, constitutes an executive dispenser of energy, sub- 
ject to the command of the governing captain, and has 
the power of opposite action in opening and closing 



ANALOGIES OP FACTORIAL OPERATION. 41 

the steam valve, for either starting or stopping the 
propelling engines of the ship, or for changing the di- 
rection of their rotary movement. Hence it appears 
that oppositely directed actions are required in ani- 
mate, as well as in inanimate, governing and regulat- 
ing mechanisms. 

The natural increase of animal organisms, if un- 
checked, and subject only to the limitation of old age, 
would be much greater than the coincident increase 
of the vegetable organisms adapted for animal food; 
so that life within the terrestrial factory could attain 
no proper stability without the employment of a nega- 
tive regulating action, by means of which the super- 
abundant increase of animal life could be economic- 
ally destroyed. Hence the regulated destruction of 
animal life is absolutely necessary for the promotion 
and proper maintenance of the factorial fabricative 
operations; and for effecting this regulative destruc- 
tion, pathogenic germs and carnivorous animals in 
abundant numbers have been provided. And since 
the fabricative operations of the terrestrial factory 
necessarily require for their fundamental basis the 
promotion of animal life, the Supreme Governor of 
the factory must be able to dispense discriminately the 
specific energies required, both for the promotion and 
destruction of life. 

Every governing medium must, in accordance with 
the true laws of mechanics, be related to an ex- 
ternal reciprocal field with which it harmonizes: the 
action of the governing magnetic needle requires an 
external magnetic field, the action of a gravitative 



42 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

pendulum requires an external gravitative field, and 
that of a resilient governing diaphragm an external 
resilient field. And we may conclude from mechan- 
ical analogy that the manifestation of conscious in- 
telligence in the governing member of an animal or- 
ganism, must imply a conscious intelligence in its re- 
ciprocal field. 

We find, in the unicellular organisms of the factory, 
an individual sensibility superimposed upon the sensi- 
bilities of myriads of independently moving micro- 
somes, or ultimate cell-elements, existing within the 
enveloping cell structure. And in the multicellular 
animal organisms, we find an individual consciousness 
superimposed upon the collective sensibilities of myri- 
ads of cell-units, which live and move independently 
within the enveloping field of the higher conscious or- 
ganism. We may, therefore, conclude that in like 
manner the Supreme Governor may have an intelli- 
gent consciousness superimposed upon the intelligent 
consciousness of the fabricative organisms of the ter- 
restrial factory. 

Factorial mechanical analogy, therefore, discloses a 
Supreme Governor endowed with a promotive energy 
for beneficent organic fabrication, and a destructive 
energy for beneficent regulating action, and also en 
dowed with conscious intelligence. 

Now while the beneficent promotive functions con 
stantly performed by the acting beneficent organisms 
of the factory, imply the attribute of beneficence in 
the controlling Supreme Governor, and while the de- 
structive functions necessarily performed in the reg- 



AX A LOUIES OP FACTORIAL OPERATION. 43 

ulation of the terrestrial factory, may also imply the 

attribute of beneficence — as when a destructive surgi- 
cal operation is performed for the benefit of the indi- 
vidual operated upon — yet, in many of the organisms 
of the factory, we find an innate disposition to de- 
structive malicious action, which attribute of malevo- 
lence can have no place whatever in the nature of the 
beneficent Supreme Governor of our hypothesis. 

Since action and reaction are equal and in opposite 
directions, the production of any dynamical movement 
whatever will require an independent reactive base or 
fulcrum, which does not partake of the desired move- 
ment, but by its inherent reactive nature serves to 
impart thereto the proper directive quality. Hence, 
we may conclude that the beneficent Supreme Gov- 
ernor of the terrestrial factory, like every other entity 
adapted for the dispensation of energy, must employ 
an independent reactive medium as the required base 
for the outward manifestation of inherent attributes, 
and that the dynamics of beneficence necessarily re- 
quires for its independent reacting base an adverse 
maleficent medium. 

The attribute of malevolence, which embraces in its 
nature the wilful injury of others, found in certain 
organisms of the terrestrial factory will not, there- 
fore, pertain to the inherent nature of the Supreme 
Governor, but only to an independent maleficent ele- 
ment, by means of which the beneficent attribute of 
the Supreme Governor is to be dynamical!}' dissemi- 
nated. And this maleficent element, which consti- 
tutes the necessary reactive medium for beneficent 
factorial action, may be termed the Adverse Medium. 



44 JHE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

We have heretofore posited that a state of unceasing 
consciousness requires for its fundamental basis a 
state of unceasing stress. The beneficent attributes of 
the Supreme Governor, and the maleficent attributes 
of the Adverse Medium are together exercised in inti- 
mate connection, throughout the whole extent of the 
terrestrial factory. Hence we may reasonably posit 
that the mutual unceasing opposition which exists be- 
tween the Supreme Governor and the co-extensive 
Adverse Medium, will serve to maintain in each a 
true unceasing state of consciousness. The Supreme 
Governor and the Adverse Medium will thus constitute 
dependently related entities, the development and ex- 
ercise of the inherent attributes of the one, being ab- 
solutely required for the development and exercise of 
the inherent attributes of the other. 

The active energy of molecular repulsion caused by 
heat, and the concomitant reactive energy of cohesive 
attraction, provide a never-ceasing state of stress in all 
material substances. Hence there exists throughout 
the whole extent of the terrestrial factory the funda- 
mental element of a never-ceasing consciousness; 
whereby the everconscious Supreme Governor may be 
truly cognizant of occurring physical phenomena. 
The molecular stress caused by gravitation and revo- 
lution may also provide a basis for the cognizance of 
the material conditions of the factory. Heat consti- 
tutes the fundamental variable factor upon which the 
fabrication of all animate existences depends and 
may, therefore, be considered as pertaining to the 



ANALOGIES OF FACTORIAL OPERATION. 45 

physical Held of consciousness in the Supreme Gov- 
ernor, while the reactive energy of cohesion which is 
opposed to the molecular action of heat, will pertain 
to the physical held of consciousness in the reactive 
Adverse Medium. 

In the manufacture of inanimate fabrics, the pro- 
vided raw material is passed successively through the 
several machines and processes of the factory, to the 
final completion of the desired fabric. Hence we may 
conclude from analogy that the fabricative operations 
of the terrestrial factory also will be carried on suc- 
cessively; whereby the constituent stable elements of 
vegetable cells will, through the nutritive assimilation 
of the cells by an animal organism, be promoted to be- 
come constituent stable elements of animal cells, and 
the stable elements of the individual animal cells be 
promoted to become stable elements in the governing 
and promoting members of the animal organism to 
which they pertain. And we may further conclude 
that the governing and promoting members of the ani- 
mal organism, will, in like manner, upon the occasion 
of their mortal metamorphosis, be transferred as con- 
stituent elements to a higher organization. 

It is found that, at the initial building up of an an- 
imal organism from its elements, some of the dividing 
cells are necessarily appointed to the performance of 
the various operative functions of consciousness in the 
organism, while others must necessarily become sub- 
servient structural units in the reactive and resistive 
skeletal frame, by means of which the organism is en- 
abled to act objectively. Hence, we may conclude 



46 THE DOCTRINE OP MECHANICALISM. 

from analogy, that the conjoined promoting and gov- 
erning members of the beneficent individual organisms 
of the terrestrial factory, are destined at the comple- 
tion of their mortal metamorphosis to become con- 
scious individual units in the active field of the Su- 
preme Governor; while the conjoined promoting and 
governing members of the oppositely constituted ma- 
leficent organisms, are destined to become conscious 
individual units in the reactive field of the Adverse 
Medium. 

But, notwithstanding the fact that in the normal 
development of a vertebrate animal organism from ils 
ancestral cell, certain specific cells of the primary sub- 
divisions are destined to form the skeletal frame, and 
others to form the tissues of the enginery, yet, by the 
application of external pressure, the relative positions 
of the dividing cells may be so changed that those in- 
dividual cells which would otherwise have been rele- 
gated to the tissues, are now relegated to the osseous 
structure, and those that would have been transformed 
into the osseous elements will now become component 
elements of the tissues. Hence, by analogy, while the 
individual organisms of the terrestrial factory, like 
the normally developing cells, can have no inherent 
power of changing their own natures, yet their consti- 
tutions may be changed and modified by the action of 
external influences, whereby the naturally beneficent 
organisms may be caused to become actively malefi 
cent, and the naturally maleficent, to become actively 
beneficent; and this change in the nature of the indi- 
vidual organism can be derived only, from the action 



ANALOGIES OF FACTORIAL OPERATION. 47 

thereon of an oppositely constituted beneficent or 
maleficent factor, the former pertaining to the right- 
eous promotive field of the Supreme Governor, and the 
latter to the unrighteous reactive field of the Adverse 
Medium. 

The effective action of certain inanimate fabricative 
machines depends upon the strict orientation of cer- 
tain parts of their mechanism in line with the energy 
of cosmical gravitation. And it is readily apparent 
that, in the case of the analogous fabricative human 
organism, its proper beneficent action will depend 
upon the fabricative orientation of the governing and 
promoting members thereof, in line with the energies 
of the righteous beneficent field of the Supreme Gov- 
ernor of the factory, which orientation may be ac- 
quired and maintained by acts of beneficence and 
worshipful veneration performed by the individual or- 
ganism. And wherever within the terrestrial factory, 
acts of true righteous beneficence are being performed 
by an individual organism, the intelligent Supreme 
Governor will be cognizant thereof, and in the rever- 
ential performance of such acts be objectively wor- 
shiped. And since the inherent attributes of the Su- 
preme Governor can be made manifest only through 
the beneficent action of the righteously disposed indi- 
vidual organisms of the factory, the refusal of an in- 
dividual to act as a medium for the factorial promo- 
tion of righteousness and beneficence, must constitute 
a true rejection of the beneficent Supreme Governor, 
and a virtual alliance with the maleficent Adverse 
Medium. 



48 



THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 



IV. 



SUBSTANTIAL REALITY IN DREAM PHENONENA. 

Through the employment of alphabetic units, the 
printer is able to produce various concrete embodi- 
ments of the ideas which constitute the basis of a 
literary composition, the printed impressions of which, 
are presented by him to individual consciousness. So 
likewise, in dreams, the ideas of the intelligent ever- 
conscious promoting members are embodied in concrete 
sense-symbols, formed from the previously fabricated 
discrete sense-representing factors thereof, and pre- 
sented to the consciousness of the governing member 
for the exercise of its volition in connection therewith. 
And as the printer may at will reduce his concrete 
embodiments of literary ideas back to their discrete 
alphabetic units, and thereafter, produce other literary 
embodiments therefrom; so the intelligent promoting 
member may, at the conclusion of the dream, disin- 
tegrate the presented sense-symbols, and reduce them 
to their discrete sense-representing factors, for the 
subsequent production and presentation of other 
symbols from the same discrete elements. 

The sense-symbols which are presented to the gov- 
erning member in dreams, may be classified as either 
static, dynamic, or sensible. The static sense-symbols 



SUBSTANTIAL REALITY IN DREAM PHENOMENA. 49 

are those which represent stationary inanimate ob- 
jects; the dynamic are those which represent inani- 
mate objects having within themselves the inherent 
quality of motion; and the sensible, are those which 
represent and embody the special functions of animate 
organisms. 

In the critical investigation of dream phenomena, 
we discover that the governing member is provided 
with subjective mechanically operating members, 
which, to every test of inverse visual and tactual con- 
sciousness are the exact counterparts of the corres- 
ponding members of the outer organic enginery; and 
like those members are under the complete control of 
the conscious governing member. Hence we find in 
the animal organism both material and immaterial 
engineries, the former existing at one side, and the 
latter at the oppsite side of the resilient element of 
governing consciousness; whereby, upon the removal 
of the outer organic enginery from the conjoint pro- 
moting and governing members, the immaterial sub- 
jective enginery will still subsist, and provide the re- 
quisite mechanical factor for continued conscious 
action. 

When the animal organism is awake, the sensibility 
of the governing member is derived from the trans- 
mitted energies of the material outer environment; 
but when in the dream state, its sensibility must be 
derived from the inversely transmitted energies of the 
immaterial promoting member, which member has the 
power to arrange the various sense-symbols in their 
proper order and sequence, for dramatic and scenic 
presentation to the consciousness of the governing 



50 



THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 



member, while the governing member through the 
medium of its immaterial subjective enginery, is able 
to forcibly change the condition of certain contiguous 
sense-symbols, whereby the independent individual 
purpose of the governing member in relation thereto, 
may be effected. 

That the sense-symbols from which the visual sense- 
images of dreams are formed are actual entities en- 
dowed with a form of energy is shown by the fact 
that the static sense-symbols observed in dreams may 
be divided into parts, and broken in pieces, by the 
forcible action thereon of the subjective enginery of 
the governing member, with an accompanying inverse 
sensation of resistance, similar to that direct sensation 
which would occur in the case of material objects in 
the outer environment. These divided parts of im- 
material sense-symbols are able to maintain their 
visual and tactile integrity, until dissolved into their 
original discrete elements by the removal of the 
volition of the promoting member, through the fabri- 
cating action of which they were originally produced. 

It is clearly evident that when the environing ob- 
jects and a percipient individual organism are at rest, 
there can be no appearance whatever of movement in 
the field of visual consciousness. Hence, when in 
dreams the visual images of moving objects are per- 
ceived, we may be certain that these visually perceived 
objects are real moving entities, and that when the 
appearance of true perspective is preserved between 
them — as it surely is in dreams — we are dealing with 
substantial objects formed of immaterial elements, ex- 
isting in a subjective field of three dimensions. 



SUBSTANTIAL REALITY IN DKRAM PHENOMENA. 



51 



The promoting and governing factors of a develop- 
ing animal organism may, in certain cases, be sub- 
divided without the loss of promoting and governing 
function in the several distinct parts of the sub- 
division. Hence, when we observe in dreams true 
representations of conscious individual intelligences 
which are capable of sensible intelligent action, we 
may reasonably consider that these intelligences have 
each been endowed with a divisional form of the con- 
sciousness of the promoting member, and that they 
are subject to the promoting member in the per- 
formance of their functions. 

The field of dreams — which is the presentative field 
of the promoting member — provides a subjective en- 
vironment, which, to the inverse consciousness of the 
governing member is a counterpart of the objective 
environment that constitutes the terrestrial factory; 
and hence, is manifestly appropriate as a field for the 
performance of the inherent functions of the governing 
member in a continued state of conscious existence. 
And by assuming that the coaction of the promoting 
and governing members in the dream state of the 
organism is analogous to their coaction when they are 
removed from the organic enginery in the mortal 
metamorphosis, we will be able to descibe clearly, the 
future condition aud operative function of the govern- 
ing and promoting members. 



52 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 



ANALOGIES OP ANIMAL TRANSFORMATION. 

Upon an empirical investigation of the phenomenon 
of animal metamorphosis, we find that, for every 
transformation that occurs in the life of an animal 
organism, there must have been a preceding prepara- 
tory stage, in which the necessary materials for effect- 
ing the coming change were collected from the envi- 
ronment, and assimilated by the organism. We also 
find that the physical organs required for initial ac- 
tion, at the opening of the changed life condition, 
must have been first built up, and in a more or less re- 
stricted degree exercised, preparatory to the coming 
transformation. Or, in other words, for the most es- 
sential functions to be performed in any changed state 
of existence, such function must have been in some 
limited degree performed in the immediate prior con- 
dition of the organism. 

Hence, if the extinction of the physical life of an 
animal organism implies a transformation from one 
life condition to another, through the removal of the 
promoting and governing members from their joint or- 
ganic enginery, a prior fabricative preparation for 
such a transformation is necessary. And since this 
event may occur at any time, such preparation should 



ANALOGIES OF ANIMAL TRANSFORMATION. 



53 



be constant and unremitting. Therefore, if we can- 
not point out the required constant and unceasing 
preparation for a future conscious state of existence, 
the fact of such existence becomes involved in doubt, 
and cannot be scientifically admitted. 

It is within our knowledge, as heretofore stated, that 
the recognized manifestations of sensible light, color, 
and sound, which are developed to the consciousness 
of the governing member, do not exist externally of 
the organism, but are simply original fabrications, 
produced entirely within the limits of the governing 
and promoting members, through the mechanical effect 
of the physical undulations that occur directly be- 
tween the external objects and the organs of sense. 
It is also within our knowledge that these physical 
undulations are being constantly employed, during 
the entire conscious existence of the animal organism, 
in the fabricative acquisition of sense-representing 
factors, from which sense-symbols adapted for the 
production of inverse consciousness in the governing 
member may be fabricated. Hence, the first men- 
tioned requirement of an incessant constructive prep- 
aration for the inevitable mortal metamorphosis may, 
in the constant and unceasing fabrication of such fac- 
tors, be fully complied with. 

But we have also to apply the test of prior limited 
exercise, in this life, of those special functions that 
will be required in their full perfection in another 
state of existence from which the present objects of 
sense and the peripheral organic enginery of sensation 
and motion are wholly separated. And in this re- 



54 THE DOCTRINE OP MECKANICALISM. 

spect, also, we are able to point out the required pre- 
paratory exercise for a coming metamorphosis, in the 
universally occurring phenomenon of dreams, in which 
the fabricated sense-symbols are often presented to the 
consciousness of the governing member with practi- 
cally the full vividness of light, color, and sound, and 
with all the minuteness of mechanical detail pertain- 
ing to the material objects from which they were orig- 
inally derived. Hence we may reasonably conclude 
that in the objective world, the animal organism is 
constantly engaged in the individual fabrication and 
accumulation of sensive sense-representing factors; 
and that, in the subjective dream world, the promot- 
ing and governing members of the organism are being 
together exercised — under present imperfect condi- 
tions — in preparation for their proper conjoint action 
during the mortal metamorphosis. 

It is well known that consciousness in the animal 
organism is dependent upon a full supply of blood to 
the brain; and that, if the proper flow of blood is in- 
terfered with, consciousness ceases. How then can it 
be reasonably presumed that conscious memory can 
exist upon the removal of the sanguineous elements of 
the organic enginery, upon which consciousness at 
present absolutety depends? 

In reply to this question it may be stated that, in 
the transformation of an animal from one life condi- 
tion to another, we have in nature examples of both 
immediate and prolonged metamorphosis. An immedi- 
ate metamorphosis occurs, when the transformation 
removes the organism at once entirely from its prior 



ANALOGIES OF ANIMAL TRANSFORMATION. . 55 

life condition. A prolonged metamorphosis occurs 
when a stage intervenes, in which the organism is but 
partially removed from its prior state, and for a time 
makes additional preparation for a subsequent com- 
pletion of the metamorphosis. In the case of the 
higher animal organisms, the transformation effected 
by the separation of the governing and promoting 
members from their organic engineries constitutes a 
prolonged, and not an immediate metamorphosis, since 
the governing member is to be actuated to conscious- 
ness through the action of the reversely presented 
sense-images, which are related entirely to objects of 
the present life and environment. Therefore, it is 
only upon the completion of a subsequent fabrication, 
which must be effected through the action of the ever- 
conscious promoting member, that a complete meta- 
morphosis will be established. Furthermore, in every 
case of prolonged organic metamorphosis, the tissues 
of a previously employed structure, — now of no fur- 
ther use or benefit, are caused to disintegrate and be- 
come dissolved into their original discrete elements, 
in order to provide suitable material for the fabrica- 
tion of a new and distinct structure for the comple- 
tion of the metamorphosis. Hence it will be clearly 
seen that the analogous disintegration of certain 
structures which were originally fabricated from the 
sensive cell-elements of the organism, and usefully em- 
ployed by the governing and promoting members dur- 
ing their conjoint connection with the organic en- 
ginery, and which are now of no further use, may pro- 
vide the same discrete elements as before, for the for- 



56 THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 

mation of new fabrics of memory in which occurring 
states of sensive, emotive and co-ordinative conscious- 
ness may be recorded, without requiring the acquisi- 
tion of original material from a continued circulation 
of blood. 

In the pupal metamorphosis of certain species of in- 
sects, where very extensive changes of structure are 
to be effected, the necessary disintegration of those 
tissues which are no longer required is due to the ac- 
tivity of the independent blood corpuscles, or leu- 
cocytes, which pertain to the vascular system of the 
insect organism, and, therefore, to the field of the pro- 
moting member, the disused larval organs being broken 
up by the leucocytes and disintegrated, to form the 
requisite building material for the succeeding more 
elaborate structure. And in this case, the disintegra- 
tion of the larval tissues is not to be attributed to the 
previous death of the cells, but is the result of the in- 
dependent action of the leucocytes on tissues which, 
although weakened in their vital power, are still liv- 
ing; so that, while the most active larval tissues are 
enabled to withstand the attacks of the leucocytes, the 
less active are divided by them into fragments and re- 
duced to their discrete elementary condition, in order 
to provide proper material for subsequent constructive 
fabrication. So likewise, in the transformation of 
the tadpole into an adult frog the disintegration of 
the living tissues of its tail for the fabrication there- 
from of the required new structure is solely effected 
by the action of the leucocytes. And such disintegra- 
tion of tissues by independent organisms is common 



ANALOGIES OF ANIMAL TRANSFORMATION. 



57 



in animal metamorphosis — the leucocytes themselves 
finally becoming incorporated as permanent integral 
elements in the tissues of the new organization. 

We further find in animal metamorphosis, that not 
only the material tissues of the organic enginery are 
disintegrated and transformed into other tissues by 
the action of the promoting member, but the con- 
trolling instinct of the organism which embraces the 
immaterial sensive and emotive factors, is also 
changed and modified, in order to adapt the animal 
to its required new life condition. 

Hence we may posit that it is a fundamental law of 
animal transformation, from one life condition to an- 
other by prolonged metamorphosis, that some of the 
parts of the organism which had a function in the 
prior life condition must be broken up and dissolved, 
to provide the required material for the development 
of the new organs, and that, where extensive changes 
of organization are required to complete the trans- 
formation, the necessary dissolution of the unused 
parts is to be effected by the action of certain inde- 
pendent sensible agencies, which pertain to the field of 
the promoting member. And these changes are to be 
effected in the immaterial, as well as the material ele- 
ments of the organism. 

We may now be asked to point out in the human 
mortal metamorphosis the necessary independent sen- 
sive agencies that are capable of effecting the required 
extensive changes in the organization for the full 
completion of its transformation in the line of its pre- 
dominant attributes, either of beneficence or male- 
ficence. 



58 



THE DOCTRINE OF MECHANICALISM. 



We often find in the field of dreams certain true 
representations of conscious individual intelligences, 
which present to the inverse consciousness of the gov- 
erning member all the characteristics of objective 
reality and intelligent action, that pertained to those 
individuals of the terrestrial factory, in connection 
with which, the emotive factors of the governing mem- 
ber were originally developed and exercised. And by 
means of such intelligently acting individual repre- 
sentations, the promoting member has the power to 
present for the contemplation and action of the gov- 
erning member, such scenes and incidents, as will favor 
the continued growth of the stronger emotive-factors, 
with a corresponding reduction of the weaker. Hence 
we may posit that if, at the initiation of the mortal 
metamorphosis, the tendency of the stronger emotive 
factors of the governing member is toward the dispen- 
sation of energy for maleficent selfish fabrication, then 
the elements of its weaker emotive factors which per- 
tain to beneficent fabrication, must necessarily be re- 
duced and fabricatively appropriated, in order to pro- 
vide the requisite immaterial elements for the pro- 
motion of the stronger emotive factors of maleficence, 
and vice versa, the required reductive changes and 
appropriation of elements for the proper completion of 
the metamorphosis, being necessarily effected in the 
line of least resistance. So that the governing mem- 
ber, will, by the inevetable suppression of its weaker 
emotive factors during the progress of its mortal 
metamorphosis, be rendered either positively malefi- 
cent or positively beneficent in its impulses and gov- 



ANALOGIES OF ANIMAL TRANSFORMATION. 



59 



erning actions, and be thereby fitted either for the 
righteous field of the beneficent Supreme Governor, or 
for the opposite reactive field of the maleficent Ad- 
verse Medium. 

It is evident that if, in the case of one individual, the 
promoting member is constrained by the intrinsic 
character of the governing member, to derive its trans- 
forming power from an energy which pertains to the 
active field of the Supreme Governor, and in the case 
of another individual from an energy which pertains 
to the reactive field of the Adverse Medium — then the 
engineries provided for the objective action of these 
individuals at the completion of their transformations, 
will be attuned to their respective transforming fields 
of energy, whereby the world which is adapted for the 
conscious action of the one transformed individual, 
will be separate and distinct from that of the other. 



jUN 22 1907 



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